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Updated 10/04/02
After the death of John F. Kennedy Jr. in 1999, there was a lot of talk about VFR (visual flight rules) pilots flying into IMC (instrument meteorological conditions) weather and a lot of people have become familiar with these terms. Here is a short piece entitled "178 Seconds To Live" that helps explain the subject and what can happen to these pilots.
178 Seconds to Live
How long can a licensed VFR pilot who has little or no instrument training expect to live after he flies into bad weather and loses visual contact? In 1991 researchers at the University of Illinois did some tests and came up with some very interesting data. Twenty VFR pilot "guinea pigs" flew into simulated instrument weather, and all went into graveyard spirals or roller coasters. The outcome differed in only one respect - the time required until control was lost. The interval ranged from 480 seconds to 20 seconds. The average time was 178 seconds -- two seconds short of three minutes.
Here's the fatal scenario. . . . . . .
The sky is overcast and the visibility is poor. That reported five mile visibility looks more like two, and you can't judge the height of the overcast. Your altimeter tells you that you are at 5500 feet but your map tells you that there's local terrain as high as 3200 feet. There might be a tower nearby because you're not sure how far off course you are so you press on.
You find yourself unconsciously easing back just a bit on the controls to clear those towers. With no warning, you're in the soup. You peer so hard into the milky white mist that your eyes hurt. You fight the feelings in your stomach that tell you're banked left, then right! You try to swallow, only to find your mouth dry. Now you realize you should have waited for better weather. The appointment was important, but not all that important. Somewhere a voice is saying, "You've had it -- it's all over!" You've only referred to you instruments in the past and have never relied on them. You're sure that this is just a bad spot and you'll break out in a few minutes. The problem is that you don't have a few minutes left.
You now have 178 seconds to live.
Your aircraft "feels" on even keel but your compass turns slowly. You push a little rudder and add a little pressure on the controls to stop the turn but this feels unnatural and you return the controls to their original position. This feels better but now your compass is turning a little faster and your airspeed is increasing slightly. You scan your instruments for help but what you see looks somewhat unfamiliar. You are confused so you assume the instruments must be too. You are now experiencing full blown Spatial Disorientation. Up feels like down and left feels like right. You feel like you are straight and level again but you're not. The spiral continues.
You now have 100 seconds to live.
You glance at your altimeter and you are shocked to see it unwinding. You're already down to 3000 feet. Instinctively, you pull back on the controls but the altimeter still unwinds. You don't realize that you are in a graveyard spiral and it only gets worse. Your plane is almost sideways you're just tightening the turn by pulling back on the yoke, but all you can see is that altimeter going lower, lower, lower. The engine is into the red and growling and the airspeed is dangerously high. The sound of the air passing by begins to resemble a scream.
You now have 45 seconds to live.
Now you're sweating and shaking. There must be something wrong with the controls; pulling back only moves the airspeed indicator further into the red. It's supposed to do the opposite! You can hear the wind tearing at the aircraft. Rivets are popping as the load on the wings and tail far exceeds design specifications. 1800, 1500, 1100 feet...... down you go.
You now have 10 seconds to live.
Suddenly you see the ground. The trees rush up at you. You can now see the horizon if you turn your head far enough but it's at a weird angle -- you're almost inverted! You open your mouth to scream but. . . . . .
Your time is up!
Next time:
LEVEL THE WINGS, REDUCE THROTTLE AND PULL THE NOSE UP TO THE HORIZON! YOUR WINGS PRODUCE ALL THE LIFT BUT THEY CANNOT CARRY YOU OUT OF DANGER IF THEY ARE AT A STEEP ANGLE! GET YOUR EYES OFF OF THE ALTIMETER AND LOOK AT YOUR ATTITUDE INDICATOR. THEN LEVEL THE WINGS! LEVEL THE WINGS! LEVEL THE WINGS!
Ron's Commentary:
Think about it before you press on into marginal weather without an instrument rating AND recent instrument practice or experience. It is just as important to keep your instrument skills current and honed AFTER you become rated. To a GOOD instrument pilot, the view outside of the airplane is of little or no consequence. We watch our trusty instruments using a good steady scan, never fixating on one or the other, constantly interpreting what each one is telling us and how it relates to all the others. If one does not look right, others will either enforce or negate what it is telling us. We strive to always see the "big picture" our entire instrument panel is giving us and fly the airplane accordingly.Someone once said, "Flying itself is inherently safe, but it is mercilessly unforgiving of error." Could there be a truer statement?
This article seems all too vivid now with the recent death of John F. Kennedy Jr. on July 17th 1999. He was an aspiring pilot and IMHO, an all around good guy. But by all reports he never got a standard weather briefing from Flight Service nor did he call for an in-flight weather update. He chose not to file a flight plan nor did he reqeust radar flight following which is an option for VFR pilots. Had no more than 100-150 hours total time, less than 25 hours in his new plane, a complex Piper Saratoga. Although he had recently started his instrument training he flew into nighttime blindness with no instrument experience and the rest is history that none of us will ever forget. Very sad indeed for a family who has known this kind of tragedy all too often and also the Bessette family who lost two daughters, one of them an identical twin. I think it is the remaining twin, Lisa Ann Bessette who will suffer the worst.
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